𝘌𝘹𝘱𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘚𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘢'𝘴 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘫𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘏𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘢 

1. Shankaradeva was a prolific author known for his works in several languages, primarily Assamese, and Sanskrit.

2. His translations of Sanskrit texts like the Bhagavata Purana and Uttara-kanda of the Ramayana into Assamese were not literal translations but rather reinterpretations with added details and colors.

3. Shankaradeva's language was colloquial, free-flowing, idiomatic, and often humorous.

4. He composed devotional lyrics such as the Bargit and the Kirtana-ghosha, which are widely revered among Hindus.

5. Shankaradeva's doctrinal work, the Bhaktiratnakara, delves into Vaishnava ideas through Sanskrit verses.

6. He authored six plays of the ankiya nat genre, which are distinct for their language, mixing Sanskrit couplets with Vrajavali, a blend of Maithili, Assamese, and Braj Bhasha.

7. Ankiya nat performances were held primarily at night during religious occasions, often in village nam ghars with amateur actors and minimalistic settings.

8. Shankaradeva's plays lacked division into acts, had no vidushaka (jester), but featured a sutradhara who introduced scenes, explained actions, sang, danced, and delivered discourses.

9. His plays combined prose dialogue, songs (gitas) in ragas, and dancing, resembling modern Western musicals.

10. "Parijata Harana," considered Shankaradeva's masterpiece, retells stories from the Bhagavata and Vishnu Puranas, particularly focusing on Krishna's battle with the demon Naraka and the theft of the divine parijata tree.



⚫ Summary of Parijata Harana 

"Parijata Harana" is a significant literary work by the revered Assamese saint, scholar, and poet, Shankaradeva. The narrative revolves around the divine exploits of Lord Krishna, specifically focusing on the episode of stealing the parijata tree from the celestial realm, as depicted in Hindu mythology. Shankaradeva masterfully weaves together elements of devotion, morality, and the triumph of righteousness through this captivating tale.

The story begins with Narada Muni, a celestial sage, chiding Lord Krishna for his subservience to his wife, Satyabhama. Krishna, in response, explains his predicament of succumbing to Satyabhama's desires out of love and concern for her well-being. Narada suggests a solution for Krishna to fulfill his duty as a warrior by summoning Garuda, the king of birds, as his vehicle to embark on a journey to defeat the demon Naraka.

Krishna heeds Narada's advice and sets off on Garuda to confront Naraka. A fierce battle ensues, during which Krishna displays his valor and prowess by single-handedly defeating Naraka and his army of demons. With the help of his divine weapons, including his iconic Sudarshana Chakra, Krishna emerges victorious, earning the praise and adulation of the gods.

Following Naraka's demise, Krishna is approached by Vasumati, Naraka's mother, who beseeches him to protect her grandson, Bhagadatta, and ensure peace in their kingdom. Krishna assures Vasumati of her grandson's safety and appoints Bhagadatta as the ruler of Kamrupa, thus fulfilling his promise.

Subsequently, Krishna is hailed by the gods for his heroic deeds, and he ascends to heaven amidst jubilant celebrations. The gods shower him with praise, acknowledging his divine nature and unparalleled exploits. Indra, the king of the gods, expresses gratitude to Krishna for his role in vanquishing Naraka and saving the celestial realms from destruction.

However, the narrative takes a dramatic turn when Satyabhama, Krishna's wife, expresses her desire to possess the parijata tree, a celestial plant known for its divine fragrance and beauty. Narada is tasked with obtaining the parijata tree from the heavenly abode of Indra, leading to a confrontation between Krishna and Indra.

Krishna, asserting his superiority, confronts Indra and effortlessly retrieves the parijata tree, much to the chagrin of Indra and his consort, Shachi. Satyabhama, filled with pride, insists on planting the parijata tree near her dwelling, prompting Krishna to oblige her request despite the potential conflicts it may cause.

The narrative concludes with Krishna's return to Dvaraka, where his arrival is celebrated with joy and reverence. Rukmini, another of Krishna's wives, acknowledges his divine nature and emphasizes the importance of devotion over material possessions. The story serves as a reminder of Krishna's omnipotence, his unwavering commitment to righteousness, and the significance of devotion in spiritual attainment.

Shankaradeva's "Parijata Harana" intricately narrates the divine exploits of Lord Krishna, highlighting themes of devotion, morality, and divine intervention. Through vivid storytelling and poetic imagery, Shankaradeva captivates the reader's imagination, leaving a lasting impression of Krishna's divine glory and benevolence.


⚫ Characters of Parijata Harana 

Here is a list of the main characters:

1. Shri Krishna: The central figure of the story, revered as an incarnation of the god Vishnu in Hindu mythology. He is depicted as the Supreme Being and the object of devotion for the other characters.

2. Satyabhama: One of Krishna's wives, known for her assertiveness and devotion to her husband. She plays a central role in the narrative, particularly in her desire to possess the Parijata tree.

3. Narada: A celestial sage and devotee of Lord Vishnu, known for his travels and wisdom. Narada acts as an advisor to Krishna, offering counsel and guidance throughout the story.

4. Garuda: The mythical bird and mount of Lord Vishnu. Garuda assists Krishna in his journey to defeat Naraka and retrieve the Parijata tree.

5. Naraka: The demon king who possesses the Parijata tree and threatens the gods. Krishna confronts Naraka in battle and ultimately defeats him.

6. Vasumati: Naraka's mother, who approaches Krishna seeking protection for her grandson, Bhagadatta, after Naraka's demise.

7. Indra: The king of the gods in Hindu mythology, known for his control over weather and thunderstorms. Indra initially opposes Krishna's actions but later acknowledges his supremacy.

8. Shachi: Indra's consort, who takes offense when Satyabhama desires the Parijata tree. She represents the divine feminine and wields influence over celestial affairs.

9. Bhagadatta: The grandson of Naraka, entrusted to Krishna's care by Vasumati. Bhagadatta symbolizes the aftermath of conflict and the need for reconciliation.

10. Rukmini: Another of Krishna's wives, known for her devotion and humility. Rukmini contrasts with Satyabhama in her modesty and grace.

11. Various Gods and Goddesses: Including Brahma, Shiva, Aditi, and others, who play minor roles in the narrative, either offering praise to Krishna or participating in celestial events.

These characters interact within a rich mythological framework, embodying various virtues, desires, and allegorical meanings. Through their actions and dialogues, "Parijata Harana" explores themes of devotion, divine intervention, the triumph of good over evil, and the importance of righteousness in Hindu mythology.

⚫ Explanation of The Drama Parijata Harana 


1. Introduction and Invocation: The sutradhara (director) invokes Krishna, the Supreme Lord, and sets the stage for the audience to witness the performance of the play.

2. Krishna's Arrival with His Wives: Krishna, accompanied by his wives Rukmini and Satyabhama, enters the scene riding Garuda, the divine eagle. The description highlights Krishna's divine beauty and attire, emphasizing his majestic presence.

3. Indra and Narada's Arrival: Indra, the king of the gods, accompanied by the celestial sage Narada, arrives to seek Krishna's help against the demon Naraka. The imagery portrays Indra's grandeur and Narada's reverence towards Krishna.

4. Narada Presents the Parijata Flower: Narada presents Krishna with the parijata flower, describing its extraordinary qualities and blessings. Rukmini, upon hearing about its virtues, requests Krishna to give her the flower.

5. Rukmini's Plea and Krishna's Response: Rukmini humbly requests Krishna for the parijata flower, expressing her desire as his devoted wife. Krishna, pleased by her request, grants her wish and adorns her with the flower.

6. Krishna's Interaction with Narada: Krishna engages in a conversation with Narada, expressing gratitude for his visit and discussing worldly affairs. Narada acknowledges Krishna's divine nature and mission to rid the world of evil, highlighting the current threat posed by the demon Naraka.

7. Indra's Plea and Praise: Indra and his wife Shachi seek Krishna's assistance against Naraka, praising his past deeds and divine qualities. They appeal to Krishna to save heaven from Naraka's atrocities.


8. Indra's Plea and Krishna's Assurance: Indra expresses his desperation and seeks Krishna's help against the demon Naraka, who has committed numerous atrocities. Krishna assures Indra of his assistance and promises to defeat Naraka without delay.

9. Narada's Warning and Departure: Narada warns Indra and Krishna about the seriousness of the situation and assures them of his support. Indra, convinced of Krishna's promise, departs to Amaravati, the celestial capital.

10. Narada's Visit to Dvaraka: Narada visits Dvaraka and encounters Satyabhama, one of Krishna's wives. He informs her about Krishna's gesture of adorning Rukmini with the parijata flower, which causes Satyabhama distress.

11. Satyabhama's Reaction: Satyabhama, feeling humiliated and betrayed, faints upon learning about Krishna's action. Her friend Indumati tries to comfort her while Narada leaves for further adventures.

12. Krishna's Concern and Comfort: Krishna, upon hearing about Satyabhama's distress from Narada, rushes to her side. He consoles her, expressing his deep affection and regret for causing her pain.

13. Satyabhama's Anguish and Krishna's Assurance: Satyabhama expresses her anguish and doubts about Krishna's loyalty, feeling inferior to her co-wife Rukmini. Krishna, deeply moved, reassures her of his love and devotion, promising to fulfill her desires.

14. Satyabhama's Demands: Satyabhama demands that Krishna acquire a parijata tree for her immediately. Krishna explains the urgency of first dealing with the demon Naraka before fulfilling her request.

15. Resolution and Departure: Krishna and Satyabhama prepare to depart to confront Naraka, with Satyabhama insisting on accompanying him. Despite Narada's disapproval, Krishna sets off with his wife, ready to fulfill his duties as a protector of the gods.


16. Krishna Retrieves the Parijata Tree: Satyabhama urges Krishna to retrieve the parijata tree from Amaravati. Krishna, complying with her wishes, goes to the celestial abode of Amaravati and uproots the parijata tree despite objections from Indra's guards.

17. Shachi's Anger: Shachi, Indra's wife, is furious upon learning about the theft of the parijata tree. She expresses her outrage and demands its return, even insulting Satyabhama in the process.

18. Indra's Threat: Indra, the king of the gods, confronts Krishna and demands the return of the parijata tree. He threatens Krishna with his divine powers, intending to use force to reclaim it.

19. Battle Between Krishna and Indra: A confrontation ensues between Krishna and Indra. Indra, filled with pride and rage, attacks Krishna with his celestial weapons, but Krishna effortlessly deflects his arrows.

20. Krishna's Defeat of Indra: Krishna retaliates by overpowering Indra with his own divine arsenal. Despite Indra's threats and attacks, Krishna remains unfazed. He even catches and neutralizes Indra's thunderbolt, demonstrating his supremacy.

21. Indra's Retreat: Faced with Krishna's overwhelming power, Indra retreats in fear, fleeing on the back of his elephant, Airavata. Krishna playfully chases after him, highlighting his victory.


After the confrontation with Indra and the successful retrieval of the parijata tree, the narrative continues with Krishna and Satyabhama returning to Dvaraka. Here's the continuation of the story:

22. Indra's Humility: Indra, humbled by Krishna's power and grace, acknowledges Krishna as the Supreme Guru of the World. He seeks forgiveness for his arrogance and expresses remorse for his actions. Krishna, in his benevolence, forgives Indra and returns his thunderbolt.

23. Satyabhama's Reaction: Satyabhama, feeling proud of her husband's victory, questions why Krishna is giving away the parijata tree after Indra's plea. She asserts her right to keep it, prompting Indra to offer the parijata tree to Krishna as a gesture of reconciliation.

24. Krishna's Acceptance: Krishna accepts Indra's offer and bids a respectful farewell. He takes the parijata flower with Indra's permission and happily departs with Satyabhama.

25. Arrival in Dvaraka: Krishna and Satyabhama return to Dvaraka, where their arrival is celebrated with great joy and festivity. Rukmini, Krishna's other wife, approaches him with reverence and humility.

26. Comparison between Wives: Satyabhama boasts about receiving the entire parijata tree, while Rukmini emphasizes the importance of devotion to Krishna's lotus feet over material possessions.

27. Planting the Parijata Tree: Satyabhama requests Krishna to plant the parijata tree at their doorstep. Initially, Krishna complies, but upon considering the potential conflicts with other wives, he relocates the tree to Satyabhama's dwelling as per her wish.

28. Conclusion: The narrative concludes by highlighting Krishna's divine feats, his fulfillment of his wives' desires, and the importance of devotion to Hari. The story emphasizes the essence of religion in the Kali age and encourages listeners to focus their minds on Hari and have faith in his name.

The story of "Parijata Harana" serves to glorify Krishna's divine attributes, his compassion, and his ability to fulfill the desires of his devotees. It also underscores the significance of devotion and faith in achieving spiritual enlightenment.


⚫ Themes  of Parijata Harana

"Parijata Harana" by Shankaradeva encompasses a rich tapestry of themes that resonate deeply with Hindu mythology, spirituality, and human morality. Through his poetic rendition of Lord Krishna's divine exploits, Shankaradeva explores various aspects of devotion, righteousness, love, and the eternal struggle between good and evil. Let's delve into these themes in detail:

1. Devotion (Bhakti): Central to the narrative is the theme of devotion to Lord Krishna. Throughout the story, characters demonstrate unwavering faith and dedication to Krishna, seeking his guidance, protection, and blessings. Whether it's Vasumati pleading for her grandson's safety or Satyabhama demanding the parijata tree, their actions stem from their deep reverence for Krishna's divine authority.

2. Duty and Responsibility: Krishna's sense of duty as a warrior and protector of righteousness is a recurring theme. Despite his personal desires, he fulfills his responsibilities by confronting demons, maintaining cosmic balance, and upholding dharma (righteousness). His actions exemplify the importance of fulfilling one's duties, even at great personal cost.

3. Love and Devotion in Relationships: The relationship between Krishna and Satyabhama serves as a microcosm of divine love and devotion. Satyabhama's unwavering love for Krishna prompts her to demand the parijata tree, while Krishna's affectionate response reflects his devotion to her happiness. Their dynamic illustrates the depth of love and understanding between divine spouses.

4. Victory of Good over Evil: The defeat of Naraka, a symbol of evil and tyranny, by Lord Krishna signifies the triumph of righteousness over wickedness. Through his divine intervention, Krishna restores balance to the universe and protects the innocent from harm. This theme underscores the eternal struggle between good and evil and the eventual victory of dharma.

5. Humility and Forgiveness: Despite his divine nature and supreme power, Krishna displays humility and compassion towards his devotees and adversaries alike. He forgives Indra for his arrogance and mistakes, offering him solace and guidance. Krishna's humility serves as a model for all beings, emphasizing the importance of humility in spiritual growth.

6. Fulfillment of Promises: Krishna's commitment to fulfilling promises and obligations is evident throughout the narrative. Whether it's protecting Vasumati's grandson or honoring Satyabhama's desires, Krishna remains true to his word. This theme underscores the importance of integrity and trustworthiness in relationships and societal bonds.

7. Spiritual Enlightenment: The narrative invites reflection on the nature of spiritual enlightenment and the path to salvation. Through devotion to Lord Krishna, characters seek liberation from worldly attachments and attain spiritual enlightenment. This theme underscores the transformative power of devotion in transcending material desires and achieving spiritual liberation.

8. Divine Intervention: Krishna's divine interventions, including his defeat of Naraka and retrieval of the parijata tree, highlight the concept of divine grace and intervention in human affairs. The narrative portrays Krishna as the supreme protector and savior who intervenes to restore order and protect his devotees from harm.

9. Karma and Destiny: The consequences of actions, both good and bad, shape the characters' destinies in the narrative. Naraka's downfall is attributed to his past misdeeds, while Krishna's divine mission unfolds according to cosmic karma. This theme underscores the concept of karma and its role in shaping individual destinies.

10. Eternal Love and Compassion: At its core, "Parijata Harana" celebrates the eternal love and compassion of Lord Krishna towards all beings. His actions are driven by boundless love and compassion, transcending earthly desires and attachments. This theme emphasizes the universal nature of divine love and its ability to uplift and redeem all beings.

 "Parijata Harana" by Shankaradeva explores a myriad of themes that resonate with the human experience, spirituality, and moral philosophy. Through his masterful storytelling and poetic imagery, Shankaradeva offers profound insights into devotion, righteousness, love, and the eternal quest for spiritual enlightenment. The narrative serves as a timeless reminder of the transformative power of devotion and the eternal presence of divine grace in the lives of devotees.


⚫ Title Significance of Parijata Harana

The title "Parijata Harana" holds significant symbolic and thematic significance within the context of Hindu mythology, spirituality, and moral philosophy. Translating to "The Theft of the Parijata Tree," the title encapsulates the central narrative event and encompasses broader themes of devotion, righteousness, divine intervention, and the eternal struggle between good and evil. Let's explore the title's significance in detail:

1. Symbolism of the Parijata Tree: The Parijata tree holds immense symbolic importance in Hindu mythology and literature. According to mythology, the Parijata tree is a celestial, wish-fulfilling tree that is said to grow in the divine abode of Indra, the king of the gods. Its flowers are believed to possess magical properties and are associated with themes of prosperity, beauty, and divine blessings. In the narrative, the theft of the Parijata tree by Lord Krishna symbolizes his divine authority and his ability to transcend earthly limitations to fulfill the desires of his devotees.

2. Divine Intervention and Cosmic Balance: The theft of the Parijata tree by Lord Krishna represents a pivotal moment of divine intervention in the narrative. Krishna's actions disrupt the cosmic order and challenge the authority of the gods, particularly Indra. This event highlights Krishna's role as the protector of righteousness and the defender of dharma (cosmic order). By retrieving the Parijata tree, Krishna restores balance to the universe and reaffirms his divine authority over all celestial beings.

3. Demonstration of Devotion: The title "Parijata Harana" underscores the theme of devotion and love for the divine. Satyabhama's fervent desire to possess the Parijata tree reflects her deep devotion to Lord Krishna. Similarly, Krishna's willingness to fulfill Satyabhama's desire demonstrates his boundless love and compassion for his devotees. The theft of the Parijata tree becomes a testament to the power of devotion and the divine grace that flows from it.

4. Conflict and Resolution: The theft of the Parijata tree sets in motion a series of conflicts and challenges for the characters in the narrative. Indra's reaction to the theft leads to a confrontation with Lord Krishna, symbolizing the clash between earthly and celestial powers. However, Krishna's victory over Indra and the eventual resolution of the conflict signify the triumph of righteousness and the restoration of harmony. Through this narrative arc, the title "Parijata Harana" encapsulates the theme of conflict and resolution on both cosmic and personal levels.

5. Transformation and Redemption: The theft of the Parijata tree represents a transformative moment for the characters involved. Satyabhama's desire for the celestial flower reflects her longing for spiritual fulfillment and divine blessings. Krishna's intervention not only fulfills her desire but also leads to the redemption of Indra, who acknowledges Krishna's supreme authority and seeks forgiveness for his arrogance. Thus, the title "Parijata Harana" symbolizes not only the theft of a celestial tree but also the transformative power of divine grace and redemption.

6. Celebration of Divine Love: Ultimately, the title "Parijata Harana" celebrates the eternal love and grace of Lord Krishna towards his devotees. The theft of the Parijata tree becomes a manifestation of Krishna's boundless love and compassion for all beings. Through his actions, Krishna demonstrates his willingness to go to any lengths to fulfill the desires of his devotees and protect them from harm. In this sense, the title symbolizes the essence of divine love and the profound relationship between the divine and the devotee.

In conclusion, the title "Parijata Harana" encompasses a wealth of symbolic and thematic significance within the context of Hindu mythology and spirituality. It represents not only the theft of a celestial tree but also the broader themes of devotion, righteousness, divine intervention, conflict, resolution, transformation, and divine love. Through the narrative arc surrounding the theft of the Parijata tree, Shankaradeva invites readers to contemplate the deeper meanings of devotion, grace, and the eternal presence of the divine in the lives of devotees.











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𝘌𝘹𝘱𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘚𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘢'𝘴 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘫𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘏𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘢 
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𝘌𝘹𝘱𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘚𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘢'𝘴 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘫𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘏𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘢 
𝘌𝘹𝘱𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘚𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘢'𝘴 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘫𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘏𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘢 
𝘌𝘹𝘱𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘚𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘢'𝘴 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘫𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘏𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘢