THOMAS HARDY'S LIFE ,CHRONOLOGY AND CHARACTERS



 ⬛ Thomas Hardy: Key Points

Early Life and Background

- Born: June 2, 1840, Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, England.
- Family: Son of a stonemason and a well-read mother.
- Education: Local schools, apprenticed to architect John Hicks.

Literary Career
- First Novel: "Desperate Remedies" (1871).
- Breakthrough: "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874).
- Wessex Setting: Created a fictional region based on rural England.

Major Works
- "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874): Introduced Wessex; characters Bathsheba Everdene, Gabriel Oak.
- "The Return of the Native" (1878): Tragic tale on Egdon Heath; characters Eustacia Vye, Clym Yeobright.
- "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886): Story of Michael Henchard’s rise and fall.
- "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" (1891): Critique of Victorian morality; character Tess Durbeyfield.
- "Jude the Obscure" (1895): Controversial work on class and sexuality; characters Jude Fawley, Sue Bridehead.

 Themes and Style
- Themes: Struggle against nature, social constraints, tragic love.
- Style: Rich description of rural life, deep character exploration.

Personal Life
- Marriages: Emma Lavinia Gifford (1874, died 1912), Florence Dugdale (1914).
- Death: January 11, 1928, aged 87.
- Burial: Heart in Stinsford, ashes in Westminster Abbey.

Honors and Legacy
- Order of Merit: Awarded in 1910.
- Declined Knighthood: Multiple offers.
- Honorary Degrees: Cambridge, Oxford.
- Influence: Bridged Victorian and modernist literature.
- Legacy: Major figure in English literature; enduring study and admiration.

Thomas Hardy's work is celebrated for its vivid depiction of the English countryside, complex characters, and exploration of profound themes such as human suffering and societal constraints. His legacy as one of England's greatest novelists and poets endures.


⬛𝘾𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝘼𝙧𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙏𝙝𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙨 𝙃𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙮'𝙨 𝙒𝙤𝙧𝙠𝙨   ( WITH IMPORTANT CHARACTERS OF THE WORKS) 

 NOVELS 

1. 𝘿𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙍𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙨 (1871)

   - 𝘾𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙖 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙮𝙚: 𝘼 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙖 𝙬𝙚𝙗 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙚𝙞𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙨.
   - 𝙀𝙙𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙎𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙚: 𝘾𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙖'𝙨 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙛𝙖𝙨𝙩 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙪𝙣𝙤𝙗𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙩.
   - 𝘼𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙖𝙨 𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙣: 𝘼 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙥𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖 𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙠 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙩.

2. 𝙐𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙣𝙬𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙚 (1872)

   - 𝘿𝙞𝙘𝙠 𝘿𝙚𝙬𝙮: 𝘼 𝙨𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙫𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙞𝙧 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝙁𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙮 𝘿𝙖𝙮: 𝘼 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩-𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝙂𝙚𝙤𝙛𝙛𝙧𝙚𝙮 𝘿𝙖𝙮: 𝙁𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙮'𝙨 𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧.

3. 𝘼 𝙋𝙖𝙞𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝘽𝙡𝙪𝙚 𝙀𝙮𝙚𝙨 (1873)

   - 𝙀𝙡𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙚 𝙎𝙬𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙩: 𝘼 𝙣𝙖𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣.
   - 𝙎𝙩𝙚𝙥𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙎𝙢𝙞𝙩𝙝: 𝘼𝙣 𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨.
   - 𝙃𝙚𝙣𝙧𝙮 𝙆𝙣𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩: 𝘼 𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙞𝙫𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙀𝙡𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙚.

4. 𝙁𝙖𝙧 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙙𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘾𝙧𝙤𝙬𝙙 (1874)

   - 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙨𝙝𝙚𝙗𝙖 𝙀𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙚: 𝘼𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙖𝙧𝙢 𝙤𝙬𝙣𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝙂𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙡 𝙊𝙖𝙠: 𝘼 𝙡𝙤𝙮𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙛𝙖𝙨𝙩 𝙨𝙝𝙚𝙥𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙙.
   - 𝙎𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙨 𝙏𝙧𝙤𝙮: 𝘼 𝙙𝙖𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙞𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙢 𝘽𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙬𝙤𝙤𝙙: 𝘼 𝙬𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙗𝙨𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧.

5. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙃𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙀𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖 (1876)

   - 𝙀𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖 𝙋𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙬𝙞𝙣: 𝘼 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙛𝙪𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙥𝙤𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝘾𝙝𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙅𝙪𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣: 𝘼 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙢𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣.
   - 𝙈𝙧. 𝙉𝙚𝙞𝙜𝙝: 𝘼 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙪𝙣𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧.

6. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙍𝙚𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 (1878) 

   - 𝘾𝙡𝙮𝙢 𝙔𝙚𝙤𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩: 𝘼𝙣 𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧 𝙙𝙞𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙩.
   - 𝙀𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙖 𝙑𝙮𝙚: 𝘼 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙮.
   - 𝙏𝙝𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙣 𝙔𝙚𝙤𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩: 𝘼 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙙-𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣.
   - 𝘿𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙚: 𝘼 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙡𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙣𝙠𝙚𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙧.

7. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙏𝙧𝙪𝙢𝙥𝙚𝙩-𝙈𝙖𝙟𝙤𝙧 (1880)

   - 𝘼𝙣𝙣𝙚 𝙂𝙖𝙧𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙: 𝘼 𝙨𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙮 𝙜𝙞𝙧𝙡.
   - 𝙅𝙤𝙝𝙣 𝙇𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙙𝙖𝙮 (𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙏𝙧𝙪𝙢𝙥𝙚𝙩-𝙈𝙖𝙟𝙤𝙧): 𝘼 𝙡𝙤𝙮𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝘽𝙤𝙗 𝙇𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙙𝙖𝙮: 𝙅𝙤𝙝𝙣'𝙨 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙛𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙙𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙧 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧.

8. 𝘼 𝙇𝙖𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙖𝙣 (1881) 

   - 𝙋𝙖𝙪𝙡𝙖 𝙋𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧: 𝘼 𝙬𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨.
   - 𝙂𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙚 𝙎𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙚𝙩: 𝘼𝙣 𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙋𝙖𝙪𝙡𝙖'𝙨 𝙖𝙙𝙢𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙧.
   - 𝘾𝙖𝙥𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝘿𝙚 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙮: 𝘼 𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙣 𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙣𝙤𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙋𝙖𝙪𝙡𝙖'𝙨 𝙨𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧.

9. 𝙏𝙬𝙤 𝙤𝙣 𝙖 𝙏𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 (1882)

   - 𝙇𝙖𝙙𝙮 𝙑𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙚: 𝘼 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙣𝙤𝙗𝙡𝙚𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣.
   - 𝙎𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣 𝙎𝙩. 𝘾𝙡𝙚𝙚𝙫𝙚: 𝘼𝙣 𝙖𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙧.

10. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙮𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝘾𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚 (1886)

    - 𝙈𝙞𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙚𝙡 𝙃𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙙: 𝘼 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙪𝙡𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙩.
    - 𝘿𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙙 𝙁𝙖𝙧𝙛𝙧𝙖𝙚: 𝘼 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙎𝙘𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙗𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙣.
    - 𝙀𝙡𝙞𝙯𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙝-𝙅𝙖𝙣𝙚 𝙉𝙚𝙬𝙨𝙤𝙣: 𝘼 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙫𝙞𝙧𝙩𝙪𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣.
    - 𝙇𝙪𝙘𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙖 𝙏𝙚𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣: 𝘼 𝙫𝙞𝙫𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙃𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙙'𝙨 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙩.

11. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙒𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 (1887)

    - 𝙂𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙒𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣𝙚: 𝘼 𝙡𝙤𝙮𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙣.
    - 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙈𝙚𝙡𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙮: 𝘼 𝙗𝙚𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙛𝙪𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙙𝙪𝙩𝙮.
    - 𝙀𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙁𝙞𝙩𝙯𝙥𝙞𝙚𝙧𝙨: 𝘼 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙙𝙤𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧.
    - 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙮 𝙎𝙤𝙪𝙩𝙝: 𝘼 𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙪𝙣𝙧𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙂𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙨.

12. 𝙏𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙'𝙐𝙧𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨 (1891)

    - 𝙏𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝘿𝙪𝙧𝙗𝙚𝙮𝙛𝙞𝙚𝙡𝙙: 𝘼 𝙥𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙞𝙘 𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙞𝙣𝙚.
    - 𝘼𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙡 𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙚: 𝘼𝙣 𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙬𝙚𝙙 𝙨𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧.
    - 𝘼𝙡𝙚𝙘 𝙙'𝙐𝙧𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚: 𝘼 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙙𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙪𝙣𝙨𝙘𝙧𝙪𝙥𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙨𝙚𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙚𝙧.

13. 𝙅𝙪𝙙𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙊𝙗𝙨𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙚 (1895)

    - 𝙅𝙪𝙙𝙚 𝙁𝙖𝙬𝙡𝙚𝙮: 𝘼𝙣 𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙞𝙡𝙡-𝙛𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙨𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙖𝙧.
    - 𝙎𝙪𝙚 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙙: 𝘼 𝙛𝙧𝙚𝙚-𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣.
    - 𝘼𝙧𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝘿𝙤𝙣𝙣: 𝘼 𝙥𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧 𝙬𝙞𝙛𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙅𝙪𝙙𝙚.
    - 𝙍𝙞𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙋𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙩𝙨𝙤𝙣: 𝘼 𝙨𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙤𝙡𝙢𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙎𝙪𝙚'𝙨 𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙝𝙪𝙨𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙙.


𝙎𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙎𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝘾𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨

1. 𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙭 𝙏𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 (1888)

   - "𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙒𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝘼𝙧𝙢": 𝙍𝙝𝙤𝙙𝙖 𝘽𝙧𝙤𝙤𝙠: 𝘼 𝙣𝙚𝙜𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙠𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖 𝙢𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙩.
   - "𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘿𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙧": 𝙇𝙞𝙯𝙯𝙮 𝙉𝙚𝙬𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙮: 𝘼 𝙡𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙞𝙙𝙤𝙬.

2. 𝘼 𝙂𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥 𝙤𝙛 𝙉𝙤𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝘿𝙖𝙢𝙚𝙨 (1891)

   - "𝘽𝙖𝙧𝙗𝙖𝙧𝙖 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙃𝙤𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙗𝙚": 𝘽𝙖𝙧𝙗𝙖𝙧𝙖 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙗𝙚: 𝘼 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙨.
   - "𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙝𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙚": 𝙇𝙖𝙙𝙮 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙚: 𝘼 𝙣𝙤𝙗𝙡𝙚𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙞𝙘 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮.

3. 𝙇𝙞𝙛𝙚'𝙨 𝙇𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙄𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 (1894)

   - "𝘼𝙣 𝙄𝙢𝙖𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙒𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣": 𝙀𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙡: 𝘼 𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙪𝙣𝙛𝙪𝙡𝙛𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙛𝙚.
   - "𝘼 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙙𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙏𝙬𝙤 𝘼𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨": 𝙅𝙤𝙨𝙝𝙪𝙖 𝙃𝙖𝙡𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝: 𝘼𝙣 𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙛𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙢𝙖𝙣.

4. 𝘼 𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙊𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙏𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 (1913)

   - "𝘼 𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙣": 𝘾𝙖𝙥𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙈𝙖𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙧𝙮: 𝘼 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙧.
   - "𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙒𝙖𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙎𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙧": 𝘿𝙤𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝘼𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙝𝙖𝙢: 𝘼 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙬𝙖𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧'𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙣.

𝙋𝙤𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙮 𝘾𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨

1. 𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙭 𝙋𝙤𝙚𝙢𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙊𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙑𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙚𝙨 (1898)
2. 𝙋𝙤𝙚𝙢𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙖𝙨𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩 (1901)
3. 𝙏𝙞𝙢𝙚'𝙨 𝙇𝙖𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙠𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙊𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙑𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙚𝙨 (1909) 
4. 𝙎𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝘾𝙞𝙧𝙘𝙪𝙢𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 (1914)
5. 𝙈𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙑𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 (1917)
6. 𝙇𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙇𝙮𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙀𝙖𝙧𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙧 (1922)
7. 𝙃𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙎𝙝𝙤𝙬𝙨, 𝙁𝙖𝙧 𝙋𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙚𝙨 (1925)
8. 𝙒𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙒𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙨 (1928)

𝘿𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙖

1. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘿𝙮𝙣𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙨 (1904-08)

   - 𝘼𝙣 𝙚𝙥𝙞𝙘-𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙖 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙖𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙘 𝙒𝙖𝙧𝙨.

2. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙙𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙌𝙪𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝘾𝙤𝙧𝙣𝙬𝙖𝙡𝙡 (1923)

   - 𝘼 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙮 𝙗𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙏𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙢 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙄𝙨𝙚𝙪𝙡𝙩.


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